Iphigenia in Aulis
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Original / primary: Perseus Eng2
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Therefore pity us, for our suffering cries for pity; in the first place, I have harbored an idle hope, in thinking to have you marry my daughter; and next, perhaps, the slaying of my child will be to you an evil omen in your wooing hereafter, against which you must guard yourself.
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Your words were good, both first and last; for if you will it so, my daughter will be saved.
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Will you have her clasp your knees as a suppliant? it is no maid’s part; yet if it seems good to you, why, come she shall with the modest look of free-born maid;
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but if I shall obtain the same end from you without her coming then let her abide within, for there is dignity in her reserve; still reserve must only go as far as the case allows.
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Achilles
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Paley regards 11. 998-1035 as spurious, pointing out much, that, in his opinion, stamps them as the work of a later hand.Do not bring your daughter out for me to see, lady, nor let us incur the reproach of the ignorant;
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for an army, when gathered together without domestic duties to employ it, loves the evil gossip of malicious tongues. After all, should you both supplicate me, you will attain a like result as if I had never been supplicated;Reading ἡν for ᾑς, as Paley suggests; Nauck gives ἀνικετεύτως εἶς, to avoid the un-Attic εἰ . . . ᾔς. for I am myself engaged in a mighty struggle to rid you of your troubles.
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One thing be sure you have heard; I will not tell a lie; if I do that or idly mock you, may I die, but live if I preserve the girl.
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Clytemnestra
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Bless you for always helping the distressed!
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Achilles
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Hearken then to me, that the matter may succeed.
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Clytemnestra
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What is your proposal? for hear you I must.
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Achilles
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Let us once more urgeReading πείθωμεν. her father to a better frame of mind.
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Clytemnestra
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He is something of a coward, and fears the army too much.
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Achilles
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Still argument overthrows argument.
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Clytemnestra
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Cold hope indeed; but tell me what I must do.
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Achilles
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Supplicate him first not to slay his children; and if he is stubborn, come to me. ForDindorf marks 11. 1017-23 as spurious; the only wonder is, says Paley, that he tolerated the preceding part. if he consents to your request, my intervention need go no further, since this consent insures your safety. I too shall show myself in a better light to my friend,
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and the army will not blame me, if I arrange the matter by reason rather than force; while, should things turn out well, the result will prove satisfactory both to you and your friends, even without my interference.
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Clytemnestra
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How sensibly you speak! I must act as seems best to you;
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but should I fail of my object, where am I to see you again, where? Must I turn my wretched steps and find you ready to champion my distress?
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Achilles
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I will keep watch to guard you, where occasion calls, that none may see you passing through the army of Danaids
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with that scared look. Do not shame your father’s house; for Tyndareus does not deserve not to be ill spoken of, being a mighty man in Hellas.Line 1032 is inclosed in brackets by Nauck.
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Clytemnestra
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It will be so.ἔστιν τάδ᾽. So Paley; but others, with Markland, read ἔσται τάδ᾽ i.e., I will do as you say. Command me; I must play the slave to you. If there are gods, you for your righteous dealing
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will find them favorable; if there are none, what need to toil? Exeunt Achilles and Clytemnestra.
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Chorus
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What wedding-hymn was that which raised its strains to the sound of Libyan flutes, to the music of the dancer’s lyre, and the note of the pipe of reeds?
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It was on the day Pieria’s lovely-haired choir came over the slopes of Pelion to the wedding of Peleus, beating the ground with print of golden sandals at the banquet of the gods,
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and hymning in dulcet strains the praise of Thetis and the son of Aeacus, over the Centaurs’ hill, down woods of Pelion.
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There was the Dardanian boy,
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dainty morsel of Zeus’ bed, drawing off the wine he mixed in the depths of golden bowls, Ganymede the Phrygian; while, along the gleaming sand,
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the fifty daughters of Nereus graced the marriage with their dancing, circling in a mazy ring.
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Chorus
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The revel-rout of Centaurs came too, mounted on horses, to the feast of the gods and the mixing-bowl of Bacchus,
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leaning on fir-trees, withReading ἀνὰ δ᾽ ἐλάταις σὺν with Weil. wreaths of green foliage round their heads; and Chiron cried loudly: Daughter of Nereus, you shall bear a son, a dazzling light to Thessaly; and the prophet,
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skilled in arts inspired by Phoebus, gave his name; for he shall come with an army of Myrmidon spearmen to the famous land of Priam,
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to set it in a blaze, his body cased in a suit of golden mail forged by Hephaestus, a gift from his goddess-mother, from Thetis who bore him.
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Then the gods shed a blessing on the marriage of the high-born bride, who was first of Nereus’ daughters, and on the wedding of Peleus.
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Chorus
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But the Argives will crown you,i.e,, Iphigenia. wreathing the lovely tresses of your hair, like a pure, dappledReading βαλιὰν for γ᾽ ἁλιᾶν with Scaliger, with Monk’s addition of ἔλαφον, and his further correction ὀρείαν ἠ. heifer brought from some rocky cave, and staining with blood your human throat;
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though you were never reared among the piping and whistling of herdsmen, but at your mother’s side, to be decked as the bride of a son of Inachus. From here to the end of the chorus is regarded by Paley as spurious.Where now does the face of modesty
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or virtue have any strength?Omitting the words δύνασιν ἔχει as a probable gloss on σθένει (MSS. σθένειν); so Paley and Weil. seeing that godlessness holds sway, and virtue is neglected by men and thrust behind them,
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lawlessness over law prevailing, and mortals noPaley follows Hermann in inserting μὴ to complete the metre. longer making common cause to keep the jealousy of gods from reaching them.
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Clytemnestra
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I have come from the tent to look out for my husband, who went away and left its shelter long ago;
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while my poor child, hearing of the death her father designs for her, is in tears, uttering in many keys her piteous lamentation. Catching sight of Agamamnon. It seems I was speaking of one not far away; for there is Agamemnon,
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who will soon be detected in the commission of a crime against his own child.
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Agamemnon
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Daughter of Leda, it is lucky I have found you outside the tent, to discuss with you in our daughter’s absence subjects not suited for the ears of maidens on the eve of marriage.
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Clytemnestra
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What critical moment is it that you are seizing?
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Agamemnon
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Send the maiden out to join her father, for the lustral water stands there ready, and barley-meal to scatter with the hand on the cleansing flame, and heifers to be slain before the marriage, in honor of the goddess Artemis, their black blood spouting from them.
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Clytemnestra
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Though the words you use are good, I do not know how I am to name your deeds in terms of praise.
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ComePaley thinks ll.1117-23 were interpolated by way of making the entrance of Iphigenia with Orestes (cf. 1. 1241) appear less abrupt. forth, my daughter; well you know what is in your father’s mind; take the child Orestes, your brother, and bring him with you in the folds of your robe.
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Behold! she comes, in obedience to your summons. I will speak the rest for her and for myself.
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Agamemnon
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My child, why do you weep and no longer look cheerfully? why are you fixing your eyes upon the ground and holding your robe before them?
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Clytemnestra
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Ah! with which of my woes shall I begin?
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for I may treat them all as first, or put them last or midway, anywhere.This line was rejected by Monk, whom most editors follow.
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Agamemnon
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What is it? I find you all alike, confusion and alarm in every eye.
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Clytemnestra
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My husband, answer frankly the questions I ask you.
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Agamemnon
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There is no necessity to order me; I am willing to be questioned.
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Clytemnestra
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Do you mean to slay your child and mine?
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Agamemnon
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Ha! these are heartless words, unwarranted suspicions!
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Clytemnestra
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Peace! answer me that question first.
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Agamemnon
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Put a fair question and you shall have a fair answer.
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Clytemnestra
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I have no other questions to put; give me no other answers.
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Agamemnon
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O fate revered, O destiny, and my fortune!
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Clytemnestra
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Yes, and mine and hers too; the three share one bad fortune.
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Agamemnon
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Whom have I injured?
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Agamemnon
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Ruined! my secret betrayed!
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Clytemnestra
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I know all; I have heard what you are bent on doing to me.Paley regards this line as spurious; the use of σύ, where no emphasis seems intended, is his main reason for rejecting it. Your very silence and those frequent groans are a confession; do not tire yourself by telling it.
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Agamemnon
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See, I am silent; for why should I tell you a falsehood,
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and add effrontery to misfortune?
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Clytemnestra
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Well, now listen; for I will unfold my meaning and no longer employ dark riddles. In the first place—to reproach you first with this—it was not of my own free will but by force that you took and wed me,
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after slaying Tantalus, my former husband, and dashingReading προσούδισας πέδῳ (Scaliger) and ζῶν (Musgrave) for the MSS. σῷ προσούρισας πάλῳ, which Hermann explains as meaning having added him to yoar share in the division of the spoils. Hartung gives προσώρισας. my baby on the ground when you had torn him from my breast with brutal violence. Then those two sons of Zeus, who were my brothers, came flashing on horseback to war with you;
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but Tyndareus, my old father, rescued you because of your suppliant prayers, and you in turn had me to wife. Once I was reconciled to you upon this footing, you will bear me witness I have been a blameless wife to you and your family, chaste in love,
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an honor to your house, that so your coming in might be with joy and your going out with gladness. And it is seldom a man secures a wife like this, though the getting of a worthless woman Is no rarity.
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Besides three daughters, of one of whom you are heartlessly depriving me,
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I am the mother of this son of yours. If anyone asks you your reason for slaying her, tell me, what will you say? or must I say it for you? It is that Menelaus may recover Helen. An honorable exchange, indeed, to pay a wicked woman’s price in children’s lives!
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It is buying what we most detestReading τἄχθιστα τοῖσι. with what we hold most dear. Again, if you go forth with the army, leaving me in your halls and are long absent at Troy, what will my feelings be at home, do you think? when I behold each vacant chair
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and her chamber now deserted, and then sit down alone in tears, making ceaseless lamentation for her, Ah! my child, he that begot you has slain you himself, he and no one else, nor are was it by another’s hand,Paley thinks a line has here fallen out to the effect, How wilt thou dare to return to thy wife and . . . Monks rejects l. 1179; omitting it, the sense might be continuous, thus; Thy father was the real murderer and no one else; for it only needed a slight excuse on thy part and the sacrifice might have been prevented . . .; but this is extremely awkward, and Paley’s view is preferable. leaving behind him such a return to his home.
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For it needsReading ἐνδεῖ with Reiske. now only a trifling pretext for me and the daughters remaining to give you the reception it is right you should receive. I adjure you by the gods, do not compel me to sin against you, or sin yourself.
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Well; suppose you sacrifice the child; what prayer will you utter, when it is done? what will the blessing be that you will invoke upon yourself as you are slaying our daughter? An ill returning, seeing the disgrace that speeds your going forth? Is it right that I should pray for any luck to attend you? Surely we should deem the gods devoid of sense,
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if we harbored a kindly feeling towards murder? Shall you embrace your children on your coming back to Argos? No, you have no right. Will any child of yours ever face you, if you have surrendered one of them to death?Reading ἐὰν σφῶν προέμενος, as Nauck edits from the joint correction of Hartung and Elmsley. Has this ever entered into your calculations, or does your one duty consist
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in carrying a scepter about and marching at the head of an army? When you might have made this fair proposal among the Argives; Is it your wish, Achaeans, to sail for Phrygia’s shores? Why then, cast lots whose daughter has to die. For that would have been a fair course for you to pursue, instead of picking out
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your own child for the victim and presenting her to the Danaids; or Menelaus, as it was his concern, should have slain Hermione for her mother. As it is, I, who still am true to your bed, must lose my child; while she, who went astray,
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will return with her daughter, and live in happiness at Sparta. If I am wrong in my words, answer me; but if they have been fairly urged, do not stillThe reading adopted by Paley is εἰ δ᾽ εὖ λέλεκται τάμὰ, μηκέτι . . . for the admittedly corrupt reading of the MSS. slay your child, who is mine too, and you will be wise.
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Chorus Leader
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Hearken to her, Agamemnon, for to join in saving your children’s lives is surely a noble deed;
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no one will deny this.
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Iphigenia
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If I had the eloquence of Orpheus, my father, to move the rocks by chanted spells to follow me, or to charm by speaking anyone I wished, I would have resorted to it. But as it is, I’ll bring my tears—the only art I know;
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for that I might attempt. And about your knees, as a suppliant, I twine my limbs—these limbs your wife here bore. Do not destroy me before my time, for it is sweet to look upon the light, and do not force me to visit scenes below.
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I was the first to call you father, you the first to call me child; I was the first to sit upon your knee and give and take the fond caress. And this was what you would saythen: Shall I see you, my child, living a happy prosperous life
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in a husband’s home one day, in a manner worthy of myself? And I in my turn would ask, as I hung about your beard, where I now am clinging, What then will I do for you? Shall I be giving you a glad reception in my halls, father,
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in your old age, repaying all your anxious care in rearing me?
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I remember all we said, it is you who have forgotten and now would take my life. By Pelops, I entreat you spare me, by your father Atreus and my mother here, who suffers now a second time the pangs
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she felt before when bearing me! What have I to do with the marriage of Paris and Helen? Why is his coming to prove my ruin, father? Look upon me; bestow one glance, one kiss, that this at least I may carry to my death
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as a memorial of you, though you do not heed my pleading.
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holding up the baby Orestes. Feeble ally though you are, brother, to your loved ones, yet add your tears to mine and entreat our father for your sister’s life; even in babies there is a natural sense of evil.
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O father, see this speechless supplication made to you; pity me; have mercy on my tender years! Yes, by your beard we two fond hearts implore your pity, the one a baby, a full-grown maid the other. By summing all my pleas in one, I will prevail in what I say:
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to gaze upon the light is man’s most cherished gift; that life below is nothingness, and whoever longs for death is mad. Better live a life of woe than die a death of glory!
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Chorus Leader
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Ah, wretched Helen! Great is the struggle that has come sons to the of Atreus and their children, thanks to you and those marriages of yours.
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Agamemnon
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While loving my own children, I yet understand what should move my pity and what should not; I would be a madman otherwise. It is terrible for me to bring myself to this, nor is it less terrible to refuse, daughter; for I must do this.Paley follows Kirchhoff in reading ταὐτὰ. Others retain τοῦτο and render I must do this deed. You see the vastness of that naval army,
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and the numbers of bronze-clad warriors from Hellas, who can neither make their way to Ilium’s towers nor raze the far-famed citadel of Troy, unless I offer you according to the word of Calchas the seer. The following passage from 1. 1264-75 is regarded by Dindorf as spurious. Hennig thinks 1. 1269 and ll. 1271-75 are genuine.Some mad desire possesses the army of Hellas
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to sail at once to the land of the barbarians, and put a stop to the rape of wives from Hellas, and they will slay my daughter in Argos as well as you and me, if I disregard the goddess’s commands. It is not Menelaus who has enslaved me to him, child,
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nor have I followed his wish; no, it is Hellas, for whom I must sacrifice you whether I will or not; to this necessity I bow my head; for her freedom must be preserved, as far as any help of yours daughter, or mine can go; or they, who are the sons of Hellas, must be
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pillaged of their wives by barbarian robbery. Exit Agamemnon.
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Clytemnestra
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My child! oh, foreign women! Alas for me, for your death! Your father escapes, surrendering you to Hades.
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Iphigenia
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Alas for me, mother! for the same
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lament has fallen to both of us in our fortune. No more for me the light of day! no more these beams of the sun! Oh, oh! that snow-beat glen in Phrygia and the hills of Ida,